This report focuses on the present state of knowledge on the occurrence and effects of microplastics (i.e. plastic particles less than 5 mm in their longest dimension) on aquatic organisms, especially commercially important species, as well as the possible implications for seafood safety and security. The widespread use of plastic materials in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors, and the sources of microplastic contamination, particularly those derived from fisheries and aquaculture activities, are also covered. The report is intended for a wide audience including fisheries scientists and managers, health authorities, fisheries and aquaculture associations, environmental and fisheries ministries, regional fisheries bodies and regional seas organizations.